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Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority

Code of Professional Conduct & Ethics for PAs & AEs

Download the Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics for public accountants (PAs) and accounting entities (AEs) ("ACRA Code").

Last updated 30 January 2026

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ACRA Code
Footnotes

ACRA Code

The ACRA Code sets out the ethical and independence standards for PAs and AEs by providing a conceptual framework to guide them in identifying, evaluating and addressing threats relating to compliance with the fundamental principles and independence for audits and other assurance engagements.

ACRA Code

ACRA Code

Effective date

Download links

ACRA Code

(first published in the Government Gazette on 1 June 2023)

1 July 2023

The Accountants (Prescribed Standards and Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics) Order 2023 [PDF, 765 KB]

ACRA Code
(Revised on 15 November 2023)

15 December 2023 1

The Accountants (Prescribed Standards and Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics) Order 2023 [PDF, 903 KB]2

ACRA Code
(Revised on 11 December 2024)

15 December 2024 3

Accountants (Prescribed Standards and Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics) Order 2023 [PDF, 965 KB]

ACRA Code
(Revised on 22 May 2025)

1 July 2025 4

Accountants (Prescribed Standards and Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics) Order 2023 [PDF, 1.4 MB]

Access previous versions of the ACRA Code found within the Fourth Schedule of the Accountants (Public Accountant) Rules.

Footnotes

  1. The changes to Section 400 relating to the revision to the definition of engagement team and the new provisions in Section 405 relating to group audits will be effective for audits and reviews of the financial statements and audits of group financial statements for periods beginning on or after 15 December 2023. The conforming and consequential amendments will be effective as of 15 December 2023.

  2. Transitional provision - Despite this Order, the provisions of the Accountants (Prescribed Standards and Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics) Order 2023 as in force immediately before 15 December 2023 apply in respect of an engagement for non-assurance services (a) that a component auditor firm outside the network of a group auditor firm has entered into with a component audit client before 15 December 2023; and (b) for which work has already commenced. “Component audit client”, “component auditor firm” and “group auditor firm” have the meanings given by the Fourth Schedule to the Accountants (Prescribed Standards and Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics) Order 2023.

  3. The changes to Parts 1 and 3 will be effective as of 15 December 2024. The changes to Part 4A will be effective for audits and reviews of financial statements for periods beginning on or after 15 December 2024. The changes to Part 4B relating to independence for assurance engagements with respect to subject matter covering periods will be effective for periods beginning on or after 15 December 2024; otherwise, it will be effective as of 15 December 2024.

  4. Transitional provision - The new Section 380 on Tax Planning Services and the consequential amendments to Section 321 on Second Opinions does not apply to: (a) any tax planning service provided by a public accountant ("PA") where the PA commenced providing the service before 1 July 2025; or (b) any related service provided by a PA based on or linked to a tax planning arrangement developed by a client or a third-party provider, where the PA commenced providing the related service before 1 July 2025.